不可忘却的历史，国人永远的痛．

Nanjing Massacre

中国人必须牢记的仇恨：　　

 南京大屠杀暴行  http://www.rapeofnanking.info/  

1895年4月17日,清政府同日本签订了丧权辱国的《马关条约》，承认割让辽东半岛、台湾和澎湖列岛，赔偿军费白银2亿两，允许日本在中国开设工厂，开辟沙市、重庆、苏州、杭州等地为商埠。由于沙俄等国出面干涉，日本把辽东半岛归还中国，但中国给日本3000万两白银作为“赎辽费”作补偿。

于1915年1月18日，向袁世凯提出的旨在灭亡中国的21条秘密条款。

1915年8月2日，台湾余清风率抗日民众围攻台南厅噍吧哞支厅南庄警察派出所。后图日军俘获余清风后头上被押赴法场。

《你没见过的历史照片珍藏版》

珍贵历史图片：七七事变后日军向长辛店开拔

七七事变后日本侵略军在天津作战

日本早期对华侵略：皇姑屯事件 [组图]

日本早期对华侵略：济南惨案

日本早期对华侵略：东方会议

日本早期对华侵略：《田中奏折》显狼子野心[图]

日本早期对华侵略:《辛丑条约》与日本驻军中国

日本早期对华侵略：“二十一条”[组图]

日本早期对华侵略：日俄战争[组图]

日本早期对华侵略：中日甲午战争

日本早期对华侵略：台湾军民抗日之战

1874年日本侵略台湾[图]

国民党23名女战俘成慰安妇遭日军摧残

1937年7月7日爆发的卢沟桥事变标志全国抗日战争的开始。此前，特别是1936年12月12日发生西安事变以前，国共两党经历了十年内战，蒋介石动员大批军队围剿红军。国共内战为日本帝国主义发动全面侵华战争造成可乘之机。从1931年九一八事变开始，日本不断扩大对中国的侵略，使中国的民族危机日益深重。本课“历史纵横”栏目中列举了四件日本侵略中国的史实，可以说明这一问题：
1931年，日本侵略军制造九一八事变，炮轰中国东北军驻地，攻占沈阳。不到半年，侵占整个东北。
1932年1月，日本侵略军袭击中国上海，制造了一·二八事变。驻守淞沪的国民党第十九路军奋起抵抗。
1932年3月，日本帝国主义扶植清废帝溥仪做傀儡，建立伪满洲国，中国东北三省沦为日本的殖民地。
1935年，日本帝国主义为侵占中国华北而蓄意制造了一连串事件，总称“华北事变”。大批日本关东军入关，威逼平津，民族危机加深。                                     

抗日战争是１９３１年９月至１９４５年８月，中国人民进行的１４年反抗日本帝国主义侵略的伟大的民族革命战争，也是一百多年来中国人民反对外敌入侵第一次取得完全胜利的民族解放战争。这场战争是以国共两党合作为基础，有社会各界、各族人民、各民主党派、抗日团体、社会各阶层爱国人士和海外侨胞广泛参加的全民族抗战。中国的抗日战争是第二次世界大战的重要组成部分。 １９３１年，日本帝国主义悍然发动了九一八事变。蒋介石下令“绝对不抵抗”，东北军一枪未发，即让出沈阳城。日军得寸进尺，４个多月内，辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省全部沦陷。日本强占东北后，中国人民就开始了武装反抗日本帝国主义侵略的斗争。东北人民和东北抗日联军同日寇进行了长达１４年的艰苦战斗，是２０世纪三四十年代中国人民反抗日本帝国主义侵略的民族解放战争的重要组成部分，在中国的革命史上有不可磨灭的伟大功绩，他们在日本侵略者的大后方艰苦斗争牵制了数十万日伪正规军，有力地支援了全国的抗日战争（详见东北抗日联军纪念馆）。但在１９３７年卢沟桥事变（七七事变）前，未能形成全国性的抗日战争。 １９３７年７月７日夜，日本侵略军在北平西南的卢沟桥附近，以军事演习为名，突然向当地中国驻军第２９军发动进攻，第２９军奋起抵抗。中国抗日民族解放战争从此开始。８月１３日，日军又进攻上海，同样遭到中国守军的顽强抵抗。至此，中国结束了对日本侵略者步步退让的不正常状况，开始了有组织的全面抗战。 中国共产党面对民族危亡的严重形势，率先捐弃前嫌，主张国共停止内战，一致对外，共同挽救中华民族。１９３５年８月１日，中国共产党发表了《八一宣言》，提出建立抗日民族统一战线的主张，并就此同国民党进行了多次谈判。１９３７年８月，中共中央在陜北洛川召开政治局扩大会议，透过了《抗日救国十大纲领》，作为领导全国人民争取抗战胜利的根本方针。在中国共产党的倡议和督促下，１９３７年９月，国共两党抗日民族统一战线正式宣告成立。 全面抗战分为三个阶段： 第一阶段：从１９３７年７月卢沟桥事变到１９３８年１０月广州、武汉失守，是战略防御阶段。卢沟桥事变揭开了全国抗战的序幕。当时，日本侵略者把国民党作为主要作战对象，所以由国民党军担负的正面战场是抗击日军进攻的主要战场。在全国抗战初期，国民党表现了一定的抗日积极性，先后进行了平津会战、淞沪会战、忻口会战、徐州会战、太原会战、武汉会战等重要战役，并取得了台儿庄战役的胜利，阻滞了日军的推进，粉碎了日军３个月灭亡中国的狂妄企图。但是，由于国民党在政治上实行单纯依靠政府和军队的片面抗战路线，在军事上则采取单纯防御的战略方针，所以，尽管国民党军队的许多官兵对日军的进攻进行了英勇的抵抗，但正面战场的战局仍非常不利，先后丢失了华北、华中的大片领土，国民政府亦迁都重庆。而中国共产党代表中华民族的根本利益，提出一条依靠人民群众的全面抗战的路线。１９３７年８月下旬，共产党领导的红军主力改编为国民革命军第八路军，开赴华北抗日前线；１０月间，南方各省的红军游击队也改编为新四军，开赴华中前线。八路军和新四军深入敌后，开辟敌后战场，主要从战略上配合国民党军作战。 第二阶段：从１９３８年１０月至１９４３年１２月，是战略相持阶段。随着战局的扩大，战线的延长和长期战争的消耗，日军的财力、物力、兵力严重不足，已无力再发动大规模的战略进攻。敌后游击战争的发展和抗日根据地的扩大，使日军在其占领区内只能控制主要交通线和一些大城市，广大农村均控制在以八路军、新四军为主的中国军队手中。１９３８年９月，中国共产党召开了六届六中全会，毛泽东提出了中国共产党在民族战争中的地位问题，批判和克服了王明的右倾机会主义路线，坚持了独立自主的原则，保证了抗日战争的胜利进行。在此阶段，日本的侵华方针有了重大变化：逐渐将其主要兵力用于打击在敌后战场的八路军和新四军，而对国民党政府则采取以政治诱降为主的方针。日本侵略军集中了大部分兵力和几乎全部伪军，对中国共产党领导的敌后抗日根据地进行了残酷的“大扫荡”。抗日根据地军民开展了艰苦的斗争，坚决地进行反“扫荡”、反“蚕食”斗争，敌后战场逐渐成为抗日战争的主要战场。在日本政府的诱降下，国民政府内亲日派头子汪精卫公开投降。１９４０年３月，他在南京成立了伪国民政府，组织伪军，协同日本侵略军进攻抗日根据地。同时，国民党的反共倾向也日渐增长，蒋介石采取“消极抗日，积极反共”的政策，掀起了三次反共高潮，妄图消灭共产党和敌后抗日根据地。中国共产党坚持“发展进步势力，争取中间势力，孤立顽固势力”的方针，领导解放区军民一面抗击日伪军的“大扫荡”，一面打退了国民党的三次反共高潮，巩固和发展了抗日根据地。至１９４３年１２月，日军在兵力严重不足的情况下，被迫收缩战线，华北方面军停止向抗日根据地的进攻。 第三阶段：从１９４４年１月解放区战场局部反攻至１９４５年８月日本宣布无条件投降，是战略反攻阶段。１９４４年，共产党领导的敌后军民在华北、华中、华南地区，对日伪军普遍发起局部反攻。与此同时，国民党正面战场却出现了大溃败的局面，先后丧失了河南、湖南、广西、广东等省的大部分和贵州省的一部。１９４５年，八路军、新四军向日军发动了大规模的春、夏季攻势，扩大了解放区，打通了许多解放区之间的联系。当时，由于国民党军队主力分散在中国的西南、西北大后方地区，日军占领的大部分城镇、交通要道和沿海地区都处在解放区军民的包围之中，因此全面反攻的任务，自然地主要由敌后抗日根据地的人民军队来进行。１９４５年５月，苏军攻克柏林，德军正式向盟军投降，第二次世界大战欧洲战场的战争宣告结束。１９４５年８月，美国军队在太平洋战场上对日作战胜利，逼近日本本土。８月６日和９日，美国在日本的广岛、长崎投掷了两颗原子弹。 １９４５年８月８日，苏联政府对日宣战，出兵中国东北。８月９日，毛泽东发表了《对日寇的最后一战》的声明，要求八路军、新四军及其它人民军队，在一切可能的条件下，对一切不愿投降的侵略者及其走狗实行广泛的进攻。１９４５年８月１４日，日本政府照会美、英、苏、中四国政府，宣布接受《波茨坦公告》。８月１５日，日本天皇裕仁以广播“终战诏书”的形式正式宣布日本无条件投降。９月２日，日本投降的签字仪式在停泊于日本东京湾的美国战列舰“密苏里号”上举行。９月９日，在南京陆军总部举行的中国战区受降仪式上，日本驻中国侵略军总司令冈村宁次代表日本大本营在投降书上签字，并交出他的随身佩刀，以表示侵华日军正式向中国缴械投降。至此，抗日战争胜利结束。 整个抗日战争期间，中国军队共进行大规模和较大规模的会战２２次，重要战役２００余次，大小战斗近２０万次，总计歼灭日军１５０余万人、伪军１１８万人。战争结束时，接收投降日军１２８万余人，接收投降伪军１４６万余人。 在这场战争中，中国军民顽强抗击日本帝国主义，歼灭日军１５５万多人，占第二次世界大战日军伤亡总数的７５％以上。中国军民为此付出了伤亡３５００多万人、直接经济损失１０００亿美元、间接经济损失５０００多亿美元的巨大代价。中国战场是世界反法西斯战争的东方主战场，中华民族是打败日本帝国主义的决定性力量。正是中国军民持久而顽强的奋战，摧毁了日本法西斯称霸世界的狂妄梦想。这是近代１００多年以来，中华民族反抗帝国主义侵略取得的第一次全面胜利，是中华民族由衰败走向振兴的重大转折点。 １９５１年８月１３日，周恩来总理签署中国人民政府政务院通告，规定９月３日为抗日战争胜利纪念日。 九一八事变简介 1931年9月18日，日本驻中国东北地区的关东军突然袭击沈阳，以武力侵占东北的事件。 19世纪末至20世纪前半叶，日本逐步确定了征服世界必先征服中国，征服中国必先征服“满蒙”的战略方针。1930年，世界资本主义经济危机波及日本，为了转移日益激化的国内阶级矛盾，日本加快了武力侵华的步伐，于1931年7月和8月在东北制造了“万宝山事件”和“中村事件”。9月18日，日本又制造 “柳条湖事件”，发动了侵略中国东北的战争。 当晚10时许，日本关东军岛本大队川岛中队河本末守中尉率部下数人，在沈阳北大营南约800米的柳条湖附近，将南满铁路一段路轨炸毁。日军在此布置了一个假现场，摆了3具身穿中国士兵服的尸体，反诬是中国军队破坏铁路。日军独立守备队第二大队即向中国东北军驻地北大营发动进攻。次日晨4时许，日军独立守备队第五大队由铁岭到达北大营加入战斗。5时半，东北军第七旅退到沈阳东山嘴子，日军占领北大营。战斗中东北军伤亡300余人，日军伤亡24人。这就是震惊中外的九一八事变。 国民党政府对日本的侵略采取不抵抗政策。事变发生前，蒋介石于8月16日致电张学良：“无论日本军队此后如何在东北寻衅，我方应予不抵抗，力避冲突。”9 月12日，他在河北石家庄召见张学良时说：“最近获得可靠情报，日军在东北马上要动手，我们的力量不足，不能打。我考虑到只有请国际联盟主持正义，和平解决。我这次和你会面，最主要的是要你严令东北全军，凡遇到日军进攻，一律不准抵抗。”事变发生后，国民党政府电告东北军：“日军此举不过寻常寻衅性质，为免除事件扩大起见，绝对抱不抵抗主义。”当时，日本关东军只有1万多人，而中国东北军驻在东北的有16.5万人。东北军部队多次接受不准抵抗的训令，在日军突然袭击面前，除小部分违反蒋介石的命令奋起抵抗外，其余均不战而退。 9月19日上午8时，日军几乎未受到抵抗便将沈阳全城占领。东北军撤向锦州。全国最大的沈阳兵工厂和制炮厂连同9.5万余支步枪，2500挺机关枪， 650余门大炮，2300余门迫击炮，260余架飞机，以及大批弹药、器械、物资等，全部落入日军之手。据统计，仅9月18日一夜之间，沈阳损失即达18 亿元之多。此后，东北各地的中国军队继续执行蒋介石的不抵抗主义，使日军得以迅速占领辽宁、吉林、黑龙江3省。 九一八事变是日本帝国主义长期以来推行对华侵略扩张政策的必然结果，也是它企图把中国变为其独占的殖民地而采取的严重步骤。此后，中日民族矛盾逐步上升到主要地位，使中国国内的阶级关系发生重大变动。在中国共产党的号召下，中国人民掀起了抗日救亡运动。 东北抗日联军概况 东北抗日联军是在中国共产党领导下的一支英雄部队。它的前身是东北抗日义勇军余部、东北反日游击队和东北人民革命军。是20世纪三四十年代中国人民抵抗日本帝国主义侵略的伟大民族解放战争的重要组成部分，在中国的革命史上有不可磨灭的伟大功绩。在日本侵略者的大后方，他们14年的艰苦斗争牵制了数十万日伪正规军，有力地支援了全国的抗日战争，他们可歌可泣、英勇无畏的牺牲精神，是中华民族争取独立宁死不屈精神的集中体现。 东北抗日联军共有11个军，人数最多时有4万多人，其中，第一、二、三、六、七等军是在反日游击队(共产党领导)的基础上建立的；第四、五两军是在王德林的救国军、李杜的抗日自卫军余部的基础上建立的；第八、九、十、十一军是在义勇军余部和抗日山林队的基础上建立的。 1936年7月，东北抗日联军第一军由原东北人民革命军第一军改编成立，杨靖宇任军长兼政委，宋铁岩任政治部主任。下辖3个师1个教导团。 1936年3月，东北抗日联军第二军由原东北人民革命军第二军改编成立，王德泰任军长，魏拯民任政治委员，李学忠任政治部主任。下辖3个师1个教导团。 1936年7月末，东北抗日联军第一路军成立，由原东北抗日联军第一、二军编成。杨靖宇任总司令兼政委，王德泰任副总司令，魏拯民任政治部主任。 1936年3月，东北抗日联军第四军由原东北抗日同盟第四军改编成立，李延禄任军长，黄玉清任政治部主任。下辖4个师3个游击团。 1936年2月，东北抗日联军第五军由原东北反日联合军第五军改编成立，周保中任军长，柴世荣任副军长，胡仁任政治部主任。下辖3个师。 1936年11月，东北抗日联军第七军由原东北人民革命军第四军第四团改编成立，陈荣久任军长，崔石泉任参谋长。下辖3个师。 1936年9月，东北抗日联军第八军由原东北民众救国军改编成立，谢文东(后叛变)任军长，滕松柏(后叛变)任副军长，刘曙华任政治部主任。下辖6个师。 1936年冬，东北抗日联军第十军由原东北人民革命军第八军改编成立，汪雅臣任军长，张忠喜任副军长，王维宇任政治部主任。下辖10个团。 1937年10月，东北抗日联军第二路军成立，由东北抗日联军第四、第五、第七、第八、第十路军编成。周保中任总指挥，赵尚志任副总指挥(1940年2月任)，崔石泉任参谋长。 1936年1月，东北抗日联军第三军由原东北人民革命军第三军改编成立，赵尚志任军长，张寿篯任政治部主任。下辖10个师。 1936年9月，东北抗日联军第六军由原东北人民革命军第六军改编成立，夏云杰任军长，张寿篯任政治部主任(代)。下辖4个师。 1937年1月，东北抗日联军第九军由原自卫军吉林混成旅第二支队改编成立，李华堂(后叛变)任军长。下辖3个师。 1937年10月，东北抗日联军第十一军由原东北山林义勇军改编成立，祁致中任军长，金正国任政治部主任。下辖1个师。 1939年5月，东北抗日联军第三路军成立，由原东北抗日联军第三、第六、第九、第十一路军编成。张寿篯任总指挥，冯仲云(1940年4月任)任政治委员，许亨植任总参谋长。 1942年8月，东北抗日联军教导旅由原东北抗日联军第一路、第二路、第三路军组成。周保中任旅长，张寿篯任政治副旅长，崔石泉任副参谋长。下辖4个教导营。 1936年2月至1937年12月是东北抗日联军组成，东北游击战争的新高潮期。 1938年1月至1939年1月是东北抗日联军配合全国抗战，坚持艰苦的抗日游击战争时期。 1939年1月至1940年是东北抗日联军陷入敌人重重包围的极端苦斗时期。 1941年至1945年是东北抗日联军开展小型游击战和转入苏联整训时期。 东北抗日联军成立之后，强有力地打击了日本侵略者，动摇了侵略者的大后方，日本侵略者不得不调集大批部队一次又一次进行疯狂地“讨伐”，实施“三年治安肃正计划”；加之抗日联军与上级党组织失去了联系，地方党组织遭到毁灭性破坏，山上密营损失殆尽，粮食、药品、盐等给养完全断绝，许多优秀的指战员壮烈牺牲，部队损失惨重。从1939年到1940年，东北抗日联军的游击战争转入极端艰苦的斗争阶段。但是东北抗日联军的意志没有被打垮，抗联部队缩编，开展小型游击战争，保存了一部分精华和骨干力量，进入苏联境内整训。在苏联整训期间不断派小部队深入中国抗联游击区进行游击战，直到1945年8月，他们配合苏军重新进入东北，在解放东北的斗争中起到了重要作用。 中共中央对东北抗日联军的艰苦斗争给予了很高的评价，1938年11月，中国共产党扩大的六届六中全会给东北同胞的电文中称赞东北抗日军队是:“在冰天雪地与敌周旋7年多的不怕困苦艰难奋斗之模范。” 1948年1月1日，中共中央东北局曾专门做出决定，表彰东北抗日联军的历史功绩，称赞东北抗日联军的英勇斗争“是中国共产党光荣历史不可分割的一部分”。1949年5月，中共中央给东北局的电文中再次指出抗联斗争是光荣的，称“此种光荣历史应受到党的承认和尊重。” 一·二八淞沪抗战 1932年1月28日～3月3日,中国军队抗击侵华日军进犯上海的作战，又称"一·二八"事变。 "一·二八"事变的起因 "九一八"事变后，日本关东军为掩护炮制伪满洲国傀儡政府的阴谋，由关东军高级参谋板垣征四郎串通日本上海公使馆助理武官田中隆吉，蓄谋在上海制造事端。田中隆吉与女间谍川岛芳子策划,于1932年1月18日，唆使日僧天崎启升等五人向马玉山路中国三友实业社总厂的工人义勇军投石挑衅，与工人发生互殴。田中操纵流氓汉奸乘机将两名日僧殴至重伤，日方传出其中一人死于医院。随即以此为借口，指使日侨青年同志会一伙暴徒于19日深夜焚烧三友实业社,砍死砍伤三名中国警员。20日，又煽动千余日侨集会游行，强烈要求日本总领事和海军陆战队出面干涉。21日，日本总领事村井苍松向上海市长提出道歉、惩凶、赔偿、解散抗日团体四项无理要求。22日,日本驻上海第1遣外舰队司令盐泽幸一发表恫吓性声明，以保护侨民为由加紧备战，并从日本国内向上海调兵。27日，村井向上海市当局发出最后通牒,限28日18时以前给予满意答复,否则采取必要行动。国民党政府为集中兵力在江西"剿共",对日继续执行不抵抗政策。军政部长何应钦急电第19路军忍辱求全，令上海市长吴铁城于28日13时45分全部接受日方提出的无理要求。暂时下野的蒋介石委托国民党元老张静江说服蔡廷锴避免与日军冲突，并调宪兵第16团接替上海第19路军防务。日方接到吴铁城答复表示"满意"，却又以保护侨民为由，要中国军队必须撤出闸北，不待答复便于当晚突袭闸北。 第19路军奋起抗战事变之初，驻上海日军有海军陆战队1800余人及武装日侨4000余人、飞机40余架、装甲车数十辆，分布在虹口租界和杨树浦，另有海军舰只23艘,游弋在长江口外和黄浦江上,由海军第1遣外舰队司令盐泽幸一指挥。1月28日午夜，陆战队分三路突袭闸北，攻占天通庵车站和上海火车北站。上海军民义愤填膺，担负沪宁地区卫戍任务的第19路军3个师共3万余人，第60、第61师分驻苏州、南京一带,第78师2个旅驻守上海，在总指挥蒋光鼐、军长蔡廷锴指挥下奋起抗战。防守市区的第156旅，在前来接防的宪兵第16团主动配合下，打退由横浜路、虬江路、宝山路进攻的日军，29日夺回天通庵车站和上海北站。日军败退租界，通过英、美等国领事出面"调停"，达成停火协议，缓兵待援。上海民众在中国共产党的领导和推动下，纷纷组织救护队和义勇军，积极支援第19路军抗战。29日，日本政府发表声明威胁中国政府，诬指上海事件是中国排日运动引起的。南京政府于30日仓促迁往洛阳。至2月2日，日军从国内增调航空母舰2 艘、各型军舰12艘、陆战队7000人援沪。蒋光鼐急调第60、第61师参战。3日，日军破坏停火协议再向闸北进攻，被守军击退。日本内阁遂增派第3舰队和陆军久留米混成旅援沪，由第3舰队司令野村吉三郎接替盐泽指挥。7日,野村改变攻击点，以久留米旅进攻吴淞，陆战队进攻江湾，企图从守军右翼突破。第 19路军依托吴淞要塞及蕴藻浜水网地带与日军激战，第61师将进攻纪家桥、曹家桥及偷渡蕴藻浜的日军各个消灭，其余日军又龟缩租界，由英、美等国领事再次出面"调停"，以待援兵。 第5军驰援上海作战上海战况于日军不利,日本内阁于2月14日又调陆军第9师参战,改由第9师师长植田谦吉统一指挥。同日，中国政府派请缨抗日的张治中任第5军军长,率所部第87、第88师及中央陆军军官学校教导总队增援上海，归第19路军统一指挥，接替从江湾北端经庙行至吴淞西端的防线，为左翼军。第19路军为右翼军，担负江湾、大场以南及上海市区的防御。18日，植田发出最后通牒，要挟中国守军于20日17时前撤退20公里，被蔡廷锴严词拒绝。20日植田令日军全线总攻，采取中央突破，两翼卷击的战法，以第9师主突江湾、庙行结合部,企图北与久留米旅围攻吴淞，南与陆战队合围闸北。守军第19路军与第5军并肩作战，密切配合，利用长江三角洲水网地带及既设工事顽强抗击，并组织战斗力强的部队夹击突入江湾、庙行结合部之敌。经过6昼夜争夺战，日军遭受重创，由全线进攻转为重点进攻，再由重点进攻被迫中止进攻。 日军增兵袭击浏河攻陷上海淞沪抗战激励全国，后方官兵纷纷请缨抗战，蒋介石拒绝再向上海增兵。而日本内阁决定组建上海派遣军，派前陆军大臣白川义则任司令官统一指挥。2月27日起,上海日军又得到陆军第11、第14师的增援,总兵力增至9万人、军舰80艘、飞机300架,战斗力骤增。当时中国守军总兵力不足5万，装备又差，而且经一月苦战，伤亡比较严重，左侧浏河地区江防薄弱。白川汲取前三任指挥官正面进攻失利的教训，决定从翼侧浏河登陆，两面夹击淞沪守军。3月1日,指挥第9 师等部正面进攻淞、沪,以第3舰队护送第11师驶入长江口，从浏河口、杨林口、七丫口突然登陆，疾速包抄守军后路。淞沪守军腹背受敌，被迫退守嘉定、太仓一线。2日日军攻占上海，3日战事结束。 是役，中国军队在人民支援下浴血奋战，连续击败日军进攻，使敌三易主将，数次增兵，死伤逾万，受到沉重打击。但政府当局妥协退让,不继派援兵,守军寡不敌众，防线终被日军从翼侧突破而被迫撤退。后在英、美、法、意等国调停下，中日双方经谈判，5月5日中国政府与日本签订丧权辱国的《淞沪停战协定》。不久，国民党政府将英勇抗战的第19路军调往福建"剿共"。 “八一三”淞沪会战 淞沪会战，是１９３７年８月１３日至１１月１２日中国军队抗击侵华日军进攻上海的战役，又称作“‘八一三’淞沪战役”。 淞沪地区位于长江下游黄浦、吴淞两江汇合处，扼长江门户。由于１９３２年“一·二八”事变后《淞沪停战协定》的限制，中国军队不能在上海市区及周围驻防，市内仅有淞沪警备司令杨虎所辖上海市警察总队及江苏保安部队两个团担任守备，兵力薄弱。然而，日本在“一·二八”事变以后，即在上海虹口、杨树浦一带派驻重兵，专设日本驻沪海军陆战队司令部，驻沪兵力有海军陆战队３０００余人，大批日本舰艇常年在长江、黄浦江沿岸巡弋。 １９３７年，日本侵略军制造“七·七”事变，侵占平津后，企图侵占上海，而后进攻南京。８月９日，驻沪日本海军陆战队官兵两人驱车闯进虹桥机场进行武装挑衅，被中国保安部队击毙。日军以此为借口，要挟中国政府撤出上海保安部队，亦向上海增兵。 ８月１３日，日本海军陆战队以虹口区预设阵地为依托，向淞沪铁路天通庵站至横滨路的中国守军开枪挑衅，并在坦克掩护下沿宝山路进攻，被中国守军击退。 ８月１４日，中国政府发表《自卫抗战声明》。同时，军事委员会以京沪警备部队改编为第９集团军，张治中任总司令，辖３个师１个旅及上海警察总队、江苏保安团等部，担负反击虹口及杨树浦之敌任务；苏浙边区部队改编为第８集团军，张发奎任总司令，守备杭州湾北岸，并扫荡浦东之敌。 ８月１５日，日本政府发表声明，声称“为了惩罚中国军队之暴戾，促使南京政府觉醒，于今不得不采取之断然措施”。同日，日本下达编组上海派遣军的命令，以松井石根上将为司令官，下辖第３、第９、第１１师（欠天谷支队）等部，作战任务为“与海军协同消灭上海附近的敌人，占领上海及其北面地区的重要地带。” 与此同时，蒋介石下达全国总动员令，将全国临战地区划为５个战区，沪杭地区为第３战区，冯玉祥任司令长官，顾祝同任副司令长官，并任命陈诚为第３战区前敌总指挥。决定以主力集中华东，迅速扫荡淞沪敌海军基地，阻止后续敌军登陆。 ８月１７日，中国军队再次向虹口、杨树浦方面之敌反击。第８７师攻占日海军俱乐部，并击退敌多次反扑。第８８师在八字桥、法学院、虹口公园等处与敌反复争夺。８月１９日，中国军队又一次发起攻势，以从西安到达的宋希廉所属第３６师加入战斗，与第８８师、第８７师一起，经昼夜激战，突破日军阵地全纵深，攻入汇山码头。日军凭借坚固工事顽抗待援，中国军队进展困难。第３６师第２１５团第２营３００余名官兵攻入华德路十字街口，突入巷内与敌展开白刃格斗，不料被日军以坦克阻塞路口，遭到火力袭击，全部壮烈牺牲。 在此期间，中国军队亦与日本航空队展开激战，并积极攻击进犯的日本陆军和舰艇，击落日机４７架，炸沉日巡洋舰１艘，中国空军队员阎海文、沈崇诲等壮烈牺牲。 ８月１８日至２０日，日军第３、第１１师先后由日本出发，至２２日到达上海以东１２０公里的海域，换乘小舰艇准备登陆。第３战区鉴于敌登陆威胁增大，遂以第９集团军专负上海市区之作战，以新编成的第１５集团军（总司令陈诚）负责吴淞镇以下沿江防线的作战。 ８月２３日晨，日军上海派遣军第３、第１１师在优势火力掩护下，于川沙河口、狮子林、吴淞一带强行登陆。２４日，中国第１５集团军先后进至上海，向登陆之敌发起反击。９月１日，日军１０００余人围攻狮子林炮台，第９８师一部与敌反复白刃搏斗，多数牺牲。９月５日，日军集中３０余艘军舰，掩护陆军向宝山发起猛攻，中国军队顽强抵抗，守卫宝山的第１８军第５８３团第３营５００名官兵，在营长姚子青率领下，浴血奋战，击退日军数次冲击，奋战２昼夜，多数壮烈牺牲。 ９月上旬，由于日军不断增兵，战争逐步升级，中国军队也陆续增援，不断调整部署。９月１１日以后，蒋介石自兼第３战区司令长官，顾祝同任副司令长官。以陈诚的第１５集团军为左翼作战军，以张治中的第９集团军为中央作战军，以张发奎的第８集团军为右翼作战军。９月２１日，再次调整部署，朱绍良任中央作战军总司令兼第９集团军总司令；陈诚任左翼作战军总司令，下辖第１９集团军（薛岳为总司令）和第１５集团军（罗卓英为总司令）；张发奎任右翼作战军总司令，下辖第８集团军（张发奎兼总司令）和第１０集团军（刘建绪为总司令）。 ９月下旬至１０月初，日军第１０１、第９、第１３师等增援部队陆续在上海登陆，加入上海派遣军之作战。至此，日军总兵力达２０万人。尽管日军在武器装备上占有很大优势，但至１１月初仍未能获得决定性胜利，却付出了重大代价。日本统帅部急于在上海方面取得预期战果，决心采取新的措施。１１月５日拂晓，日军利用大雾、大潮在杭州湾的全公亭、金山咀登陆，对淞沪实施迂回包围。中国右翼军部分沿海守备部队已抽调支援市区作战，猝不及防，阵地相继失守，战局急转直下。日军第１０集团军于１１月６日占领金山，力图与上海派遣军达成合围。蒋介石被迫于１１月８日下令全线撤退，日军于１１月９日占淞江、１１月１２日占上海。至此，战役结束。 淞沪会战从１９３７年８月１３日开始，至１１月１２日结束，历时３个月。日军投入１０个师２８万人的兵力，动用军舰３０余艘、飞机５００余架、坦克３００余辆；中国投入７０余个师的兵力，动用舰艇４０艘、飞机２５０架。中国官兵同仇敌忾，斗志昂扬，以劣势装备与敌人拚搏，毙伤日军４万多人，粉碎了日本帝国主义速战速决的迷梦。 淞沪会战期间，上海人民以各种方式积极参加抗战，支援前线。各界群众都组织了救亡协会。文艺界救亡协会、学生界救亡协会、上海市纱厂工友救亡协会等团体，都开展了宣传、募捐、演出、慰劳等活动。全国各界民众积极支援上海抗战。湖南学生战地服务团和福建省民众组织的慰问团，都到前线进行慰劳。海外华侨踊跃捐献，支援祖国抗战，到１０月１６日，捐款已达３３０余万元。 中国共产党领导的抗日武装挺进敌后，也从战略上配合了淞沪抗战。 因此，淞沪会战，是中国全民族的抗战。 68年前，30多万南京人民被侵华日军集体大屠杀！！！ 南京大屠杀 1937年12月13日，日军进占南京城，在华中方面军司令官松井石根和第6师团师团长谷寿夫等法西斯分子的指挥下，对我手无寸铁的同胞进行了长达6周惨绝人寰的大规模屠杀。 日军占领上海后，直逼南京。国民党军队在南京外围与日军多次进行激战，但未能阻挡日军的多路攻击。1937年12月13日，南京在一片混乱中被日军占领。日军在华中方面军司令官松井石根指挥下，在南京地区烧杀淫掠无所不为。 12月15日，日军将中国军警人员2000余名，解赴汉中门外，用机枪扫射，焚尸灭迹。同日夜，又有市民和士兵9000余人，被日军押往海军鱼雷营，除9人逃出外，其余全部被杀害。 16日傍晚，中国士兵和难民5000余人，被日军押往中山码头江边，先用机枪射死，抛尸江中，只有数人幸免。 17日，日军将从各处搜捕来的军民和南京电厂工人3000余人，在煤岸港至上元门江边用机枪射毙，一部分用木柴烧死。 18日，日军将从南京逃出被拘囚于幕府山下的难民和被俘军人5.7万余人，以铅丝捆绑，驱至下关草鞋峡，先用机枪扫射，复用刺刀乱戳，最后浇以煤油，纵火焚烧，残余骸骨投入长江。令人发指者，是日军少尉向井和野田在紫金山下进行“杀人比赛”。他们分别杀了106和105名中国人后，“比赛又在进行”。 在日军进入南京后的一个月中，全城发生2万起强奸、轮奸事件，无论少女或老妇，都难以幸免。许多妇女在被强奸之后又遭枪杀、毁尸，惨不忍睹。与此同时，日军遇屋即烧，从中华门到内桥，从太平路到新街口以及夫子庙一带繁华区域，大火连天，几天不息。全市约有三分之一的建筑物和财产化为灰烬。无数住宅、商店、机关、仓库被抢劫一空。“劫后的南京，满目荒凉”。 后来发表的《远东国际法庭判决书》中写道:“日本兵完全像一群被放纵的野蛮人似的来污辱这个城市”，他们“单独的或者二、三人为一小集团在全市游荡，实行杀人、强奸、抢劫、放火”，终至在大街小巷都横陈被害者的尸体。“江边流水尽为之赤，城内外所有河渠、沟壑无不填满尸体”。 据1946年2月中国南京军事法庭查证:日军集体大屠杀28案，19万人，零散屠杀858案，15万人。日军在南京进行了长达6个星期的大屠杀，中国军民被枪杀和活埋者达30多万人。 中华民族在经历这场血泪劫难的同时，中国文化珍品也遭到了大掠夺。据查，日本侵略者占领南京以后，派出特工人员330人、士兵367人、苦工830人，从 1938年3月起，花费一个月的时间，每天搬走图书文献十几卡车，共抢去图书文献88万册，超过当时日本最大的图书馆东京上野帝国图书馆85万册的藏书量。 南京大屠杀惨绝千古人寰！

Nanjing Massacre

Kill those who offended us, however far they are

Blood debt should be paid back however long it has been
　

　　Do you know Nanjing Massacre ? Have you ever seen bones of the dead in the myriad tunnels? They are our predecessors who suffered a lot! And most of them were defenceless civilians! Japan, why should I forgive you? You must pay back the blood debt you owe our Chinese People! Here ,we record our tragedies and fix our abasement. We use historical materials to show the irrefutable evidence that our Chinese landsmen were killed with inhumanity during that evil aggression!

During the 1930s, Japanese cabinet finally abandoned the plan “Northing and attack the Soviet Union with Germany” and turned to actualize southing. On July 7,1937, Lugouqiao Incident broke out . A bloody war between China and Japan began and it lasted 8 years. Afterwards Japanese troops began to attack southwards from North China and reached Shanghai- an important city in South China. Japanese prime minister boasted:’ We will force Chinese to kneel down’,’ perish their fighting willing’, ’wipe out China within three months’. So, Japanese troops advanced towards Nanjing-China’s capital at that time, hoping to fluctuate the resistance determination of Chinese people and to force Chinese people to give in.  On August 15,1937, Songjinshigen(松井石根) was made the commander-in-chief of Shanghai Mission Troops. He told the Prime Minister：‘No other way. We can only occupy Nanjing, perish Jiang kgai-shi regime. And this is the mission I must achieve.’

In early December, Japanese High Command ordered its troops the Central China Front Army to attack Nanjing. The Central China Front Army commander left a small amount of army to garrison Shanghai and assembled more than 9 divisions to attack Nanjing, at all cost.

On December 7, it made a plan ‘Summary on Taking Over Nanjing’. On the afternoon of December 10,Japanese troops began the general attack at 1:00 pm. Chinese troops resisted with bravery. However, because of the great disparity of the arms and the disordered direction, Nanjing garrison commander-in-chief Tang Sheng-chi ordered the troops to retreat.

Hu Jin-tao, Chairman of China, visited the Memorial for Nanjing Massacre on May 4.

In 1978,Japanese government admitted  the seven war criminals sentenced to death by Far East War Court in 1945 as heroes. Several years later, a Japanese college teacher declared that “Nanjing Massacre is fictive” and wrote a book named after it. It says:“Nanjing Massacre is a tool made up by China to belittle Japan, and Japan should restore its former glory.”

“Nanjing Massacre” case was lost

On Jan.20,2000, Japan Supreme Court made the final sentence to a slander  case. It declared: Japan had never admitted the existence of Nanjing Massacre, so the killings couldn’t  be proved. The defendant was lost. The counsel for the defence said: “This is not only a slander case. Some Japanese officials are trying to deny Nanjing Massacre through the case. The accuser is only a dummy controlled by some Japanese retired officers.”

After the sentence,  the accuser lawyer immediately held a news conference. In the news conference,he said:“We have won the case .The so-called ‘Nanjing Massacre’ is fake.”  A retired officer supporting the accuser said: “We didn’t make the massacre. I have no memory of it. If it did exist, I think all was normal.”

Memorial for Victims in Nanjing Massacre

Ghost Stone

Nanjing civilians think that the screes represent the people killed by Japanese troops – and they are sure the number is over 300000.

The bones of Nanjing victims! Myriad Tunnel

　　The Japanese retired officer Quansi Zongyilang considered that China described the number of Nanjing Massacre victims were over 300,000 was fake and unimpossible, and he deemed it would be too bad if this description carried through from generation to generation.

Many people described that the number of Chinese people were killed by Japanese Army were over 50,000 or 100,000, but the retired officer Changson Songqunfu considered that the number of Chinese victims must not over 50,000, and he thought that it was not true if the number over 50,000.

A Tokyo University professor said: “I think highly of the Japan’s role at war. Japan was the power who librated Asia from Europe. Though Japan had the intention to control Asia in place of Europe, it’s still justice.”

A passed-away Japanese historian pointed out: “All the world knows the 1937 Nanjing Massacre. However, Japanese government will not admit it so far.”　　

A Japanese writer said:“I do believe  there is Nanjing Massacre. If some reading materials favor of the war exist, the next generation of Japan will support the war. Some Japanese hope to restore the Japanese pride by this means. We must denounce it with justice. ” 　　

A Japanese reporter said: “After World War II, some war criminals escaped from conviction. Japanese government keeps on reminding people of the A-bomb affairs. However, it will not admit that Japan was an invader.”　

People sacrificing are burning joss sticks

However, another Japanese professor said:” There are many people killed indeed, but not as much as tens of thousands. The whole Japanese society would be convulsed by the killing of 20 or 30 people. Japanese army strictly obeyed the disciplines, so it would not do such things.”　

The passed-away survival from  Nanjing Massacre said:” After the loss of Nanjing, what frightened me most was the bodies everywhere. Many died in bombings. I survived only by crawling on the ground.”　

David Maggee, son of Priest  Maggee, said:” Today, many Japanese politicians want to hide the fact of Nanjing Massacre. When I saw the films taken by my father over 60 years ago, I was astonished. However, the then Tokyo Military Court didn’t take it as an evidence.”　　

Our Slogan

　　This slogan is indeed disputable because the attitude in this slogan is that China “beg” Japan for apologize. So, this inversion has not been possible to take.

We won’t forget the scene that thousands of bones of the victims were piled up on the ground all over the Nanjing city.

Let’s remember the things past……
　

(Lift Picture) The Sun Flag in Yuren’s hand

(Upper Right Picture) In 1902, over one year old Yuren seated on the baby carriage and lift The Sun Flag which was the symbol of he Japanese Army. (k.k.Kyodo News)

　　Yuren was born on April 29^th in 1901, his father Emperor Tacheng died on December 25^th in 1926, so the crown peince Yuren ascend the throne and at the same time he change the title of his emperor’s reign “Chaohe”.

At the early days of Chaohe, the Japanese Militarism began to expand and to commit aggression. After the September 18^th Incident in 1937, Japanese army occupied the Northeast of China. On July 7^th in 1937, Japanese army enkindled “Lugouqiao Incident”, and began to invade China in large scale. So , the Resistance against Japan War broke out.

(1901-1989)

The picture of Emperor Yuren, the supreme commander of Japanese army. (1920)

This military map was published by Osaka News Service on January 1^st in 1933 (Chaohe 8year). This military map was a part of the Empire National Defence Large Map, and the map disclosed Japan’s preparation for invading China. Three provinces in Northeast of China had been ruled by Japan since September 18^th Incident in 1931 broke out. This map spread and made an intensive study of China and other weast powers military strength in China.

From 1930’s, Japan continued to creat incidents and intend to make excuse for enkindl the war to China. Japan wanted to invade all over of China and establish the pretended “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”. But this “Sphere” became the valid evidence for historical facts.

Process of the fall of Nanjing city.

Chinese Central forces’ helmet..

The collection numeration: NG-021-C-020428

Chinese officer’s field army cap.

Song-Hu Battle

一九三七年中央軍部隊趕負前線作戰

After the 1931 incident, Japan occupied the Northeast of China. On July 7,1937,Japan enkindled “Lugouqiao Incident”, and began to invade China on a large scale. Therefore, the Resistance   against Japan War broke out. On the morning of Aug.13,1937, Japanese troops began to attack Chinese troops in Shanghai. The next day, Japanese planes bombed Guangde and Hangzhou Airport. Chinese airforce fought back in Hangzhou and shot down three Japanese planes. On the same day,Chinese planes bombed the Japanese troops in Shanghai and damaged its flagship.

From “The July 7th Incident”to “The Aug.13th Incident”, only within brief 5 weeks did Japan enlarge the invasion, from Lugouqiao to Beijing and Tianjin, from North China to East China. Therefore, a local conflict was developed into a comprehensive invasion to China. This was a war without digging up the hatchet and brought China a serious crisis of being conqured.

After the breaking out of “The Jan.28th Incident” , Chinese government fought with Japan in Shanghai for 33 days, and then withdrew because of the lack of materials. The League of Nations held a special conference the next day to deal with the sino-Japanese war, and decided that both sides should cease fire. Chinese government had to signed a cease-fire agreement.

On Aug.13,1937, Japanese troops began to attack Shanghai on a large scale and directly threatened Nanjing ,the then Chinese capital. Chinese troops had to fight against them in and around Shanghai. This is called “Shanghai Battle”. In November,1937, Shanghai was seized and the battled ended.

　　Chinese Central forces went to the front.

Lift picture, Song of Fighting China, woodcarving illustration

日軍逼近南京

As soon as the war began, Japanese planes bombed Nanjing for over 100 times . Many unmilitary targets were bombed ,and many civilians were killed. The whole city was seriously damaged.

On Nov.20,Japanese troops were nearing Nanjing, Chinese government made an announcement that the capital would be moved to Chongqing. All the officials fled from Nanjing in a hurry, and the civilians were left hopeless.

Before the war, the population of Nanjing was about one million. After the war broke out, some people ran to other places. However, they were mostly officials and rich men. Other civilians ran to the suburbs at most .In addition, many refugees from the front ran to the capital. Thus there were still many people in Nanjing.

Nanjing Central forces’ helmet, type of M35, made in Germany ,1937

　　This type of helmet was Model 1935 and it was made of iferromolybdenum in Germany. Chinese government ordered this type of steel helmet in 1935 and admeasured these helmets to the central forces at the beginning of 1936. There were blowhole on both sides in the helmet, and a piece of Chinese national emblem on the left side. This helmet was excavated by the local peasants when they build house. The helmet had been rusted and the leather inside had fade away because of over 60 years below the surface of the earth. The Chinese national emblem was still on the helmet, the paint on the surface had been fade but it’s figure was clear yet. 

A combination of factors, the investigators considered that the helmet must be Chinese soldier left , and the helmet was the historical remains without any question. Although in Word War II, people would thought of the Nazi German soldiers and had some negtive sensation as soon as they saw this type of helmet, in modern history China, the helmet could make people remember the heroes.

Looking at the helmet, people seemd to see the scenes of battles, such as Song-Hu battle, action of safegarding Shanghai, operation for Nanjing, and so on. All these deeds were above all praise in history.

Chinese officer’s dagger

(Lift Picture) Garrison commander Tang Sheng-chi

At that time, there were over 100000 Chinese soldiers in Nanjing .They were directed by Tang Sheng-chi. However, Tang used a very bad tactics, and only defended the city itself. On Dec.12, Japanese troops attacked Yuhuatai fiercely and up to the noon, Yuhuatai was seized. At 2 o’clock that afternoon, Zhonghuamen was seized. There was a gap around Nanjing city.

At 5 o’clock that afternoon, Tang held an officer meeting and handed out an order to break through. However, he himself ran away in a great hurry, in spite of his promise “I will die with Nanjing”. The next day, Japanese troops occupied Nanjing.

When Japanese troops began to enter the Nanjing city, most Chinese people had run into “The Refugee Area”. Some people were the company or the store caretaker, others were the residents, and they must guard own room, therefore, there were few people in the street. But the wounded soldiers and the refugees were still pour into Nanjing city.

After they came into Nanjing city, enemy's crackle of gunfire, the sound of gunfire are increasingly tight, everybody felt flustered, and they hope that they could to hide into “The Refugee Area”, but they were rejected. Finally, they wanted to run out the city gate an crossed Yangtze River.

When refugees moved to Zhongshan north road and Central road, they saw part of national troops officers and soldiers gethered on the river bank, could not out of danger. In order to made an opportunity for these officers and soldiers who escaped from Nanjing at the eleventh hour, the refugee group shut the Yijiangmen gate and the Peace gete city gates tightly so that the officers and soldiers could cross the river.

Soldiers’ broadsword

　　The historian thought Nanjing fell to the enemy was related to many factors. One factor was that Chinese army’s equipment were more weaker than Japanese forces’. Chinese army were lack of effective equipment and systemic command actually, even if the Central Force which guarded capital Nanjng were equiped with all Gemany’s –like equipment, for this reason, they would be failed in the end. Actually, China attached heavy price. Between the Sino-Japanese War, Chinese servicemen also need to use the broadsword to kill the enemy, this facts were the reflection of that Chinsese forces were lack of equipment.
　

The Loss of Nanjing

日寇入城

Survivals:”We had thought Japanese troops only wanted to occupy Nanjing city. However, they made the massacre! We had never thought of that!! ”

On the streets there were crowds of people. Japanese guns behind, tightly shut city door in front. Crying and cursing could be heard everywhere. These refugees, most of whom were wounded soldiers and old people, could  master there own lives no more.

The massacre was beginning in Nanjing city.

The most ruthless weapon in Nanjing massacre.

Type 30 bayonets made in Xiaocang ordnance factory.

　　Crowds of the old, women, children and the wounded soldiers fell down with the gunshots. Most of them died immediately. However, there were still groans and curses. And these Japanese beasts kept on shooting. That was only the beginning of massacre. The next morning, Japanese tanks entered Nanjing city. They kept on slaughtering. They didn’t  pause until all were dead in the city. Then, they began to slaughter the people outside the city.
　

The Japanese forces hat (official headgear).( The collection numeration:NG-055-J-030820)

　　After 13 or 14 days’ massacre,  many roads were submerged by blood. The massacre carried out by Japanese beasts outside Nanjing city was more brutal and more flagitious. Many refugees in Xiaguan were drowned in the Yangtze. Most of the refugees were in complete despair now.

On Augest 13^th, the sound of gunfire in the city had shocked the refugees who were staying at the waterfront. They realized the Japanese enemys had invaded the city. By this time, the situation extremely disorder, whoever soldiers or refugees, all of them exhausted their strength to make final stuggleing. Everybody took something as the tool to cross the Yangtze River, such as the store’s and inhabitant’s wooden gate, the plank, the bathtub, the bench, the log, even the rotten wood, almost every thing which could be used to cross river had been used. But, because there were too much people and the tool was limited, only small number of people could to cross the river by luch and the majority refugees were in completely despair.

Mucun-Yikuo’s war flag which accompanied him went to the front.

The collection numeration: NG-035-J-020513

Sina incident commemorative badge.

Japanese forces 99 type rifle (Gun-barre han dispeared. )

Sina incident commemorative badge.( The obverse side and the back surface designs of the badge.)

News photos on massacre

　　This was a news original picture related to Nanjing massacre of that year, it’s breadth was 21.5 centimeter×17 centimeters. This picture was preserved very well and it’s one of the key collection in our museum.. Chinese capital Nanjing invaded by Japanese enemy in 1937, the civillans had no any protection. It was photographed by American reporters between 1937 and 1938, this photoes had became the solemn and stiring recollection full of blood and tears in Chinese morden history. On the picture, the Japanese soldier grasped the automatic pistol to turn towards to Chinese civillans. On the back of the picture, there were explanation was:”Japs shoot Chinese Prisoners.” It was believed that these two captives were difficult to run away and they must be killed. However, what were the victims’ status on earth? Nowadays in the academic circles, some scholars considered that they were Buddhist priests of one temple in Nanjing, and one of them was the master of the temple. There was a vertical shade on the lawn, the Japanese murder was carrying a handbag, his left hand grips tightly a katana. In order to make his face clear, he turned his cap to the right side even though the sunlight was strong.

At the same time, some Chinese traitors settled in Taiwan wrote in their books that these pictures were American fabricated to bring a false charge against their motherland Japan，and it was the biggest rumor in 20^th century. In our eyes, the Japanese’s appearance was so repulsive and shameless. At the same time, he was “the good example” of Japanese right wing and the typical “Country Hero”of Japanese Empire Royal Troop.

Is the typical Japanese empire royal troop "pacifies the country the hero"

　　On the afternoon of Dec.14, Japanese beasts rushed to Zhongshan Dock and Xiaguan Station. They shot at the refugees with guns and grenades. Thousands of people fell down with horror, anger and despair. Many refugees, not willing to be killed by these beasts, jumped into the river for suicide. Only in a short time did tens of thousands of refugees die. On Dec.26, Japanese beasts killed over 5000 refugees and  threw the bodies into the Yangtze.

　　Japanese troops concentrated the slaughters mainly in the places of Caoxiexia, Yanziji and Guanyinmen. Before the loss of Nanjing, those who couldn’t run to other places fled to the suburbs in groups. Some other refugees, including many wounded soldiers, also fled to the suburbs. Along the Yangtze there were more. They formed a “Refugee Village”. After the loss of Nanjing, Japanese beasts seized as many as 50000 refugees and gave them no food or drinks. Many of them died of cold or hunger. The rest were driven to Caoxiexia to kill. After over 10 days’ massacre, there was no person seen  at daytime except the Japanese beasts. At night, all was dark except the Japanese cantonments. Since the loss of Nanjing, hundreds of thousands of unarmed refugees had been killed. However, those beasts would not stop.

Songking Shiken successfully entering Nanjing city

　　After our army finally captured Nanjing, we raised our national flag. The color bright flag flutters against the wind, the serviceman loud cheerly and filled with the joyful tears in their eyes. In the cheers for Japanese empire, our army l entered Nanjing. Welcom for the serviceman who set the record of the magnificent combat success. (Asahi shimbun, in December, 1937)

日軍上海派遣軍司令官 陸軍大將 松井石根

　　On Dec.17,Japanese troops held “Victory Ceremony”. Japanese commander-in-chief entered Nanjing. Many residents were taken away to be questioned. However, they could no longer come back. In fact, they were sent to Wutaishan to be burned.

On Dec.17,Japanese troops held “Victory Ceremony”. Japanese commander-in-chief Songking Sicken entered Nanjing. On the one hand, he rewarded his subordinate Gu Shoufu “the combat success”, on the other hand, he arrayed the second stage massacre. Songking considered that the closed door obviously was the sign of Chinese people intend to resest Japanese troops, so that he ordered the inhabitants open the door to welcome the Japanese troops. Meanwhile, Japanese troops began to search for the hidden against Japan members in the city. Late December, the clear street movement started. The fully armed and prepared Japanese invaders stading on the streets and the alleys in the city. The motorcycle team is going on patrol everywhere and several Japanese invaders were draging their sword, knocked the door one by one. Therefore, however company, store and inhabitant, all had the gateway open wide. Some people stayed at home for a long time, and they wanted to know what happened outside, but, as soon as they poked head out of the door, the disaster immediately arrived,

of people had been shoot. Many residents were taken away to be questioned. However, they could no longer come back. In fact, they were sent to Wutaishan to be burned.

　　In all over 10000 people disappeared with no reason. From  now on, those beasts turned to the rest people. The whole city was covered with horror. And the killing continued. From Dec.13,1937, the day when Nanjing was lost, the Japanese beasts wildly started the 6-week massacre(Some historians think there were a 3-month massacre on a large scale and a 3-month massacre for smaller killings. So the massacre lasted 6 months in all). Countless women were raped and innumerable houses, shops, and storehouses were marauded.  In the whole city, about 1/3 houses were burnt down, and Nanjing was made a hell. From Dec.13,1937 to Febrary,1938, over 50000 Chinese war prisoners and between 250000 to 300000 unarmed civilians were killed, including  women, the old, and children. The number of the dead and the treatment they received before their death were still left a brainteaser.

Japanese Royal Troop’s "honorable combat success"

(Right) Japanese forces’the sixth division commander, Gu Shoufu

　　Nanjing Security Area International Committee seriously protested against Japanese officers for 12 times. However, they just ignored them. Moreover, they took photos and films about the sad affairs in Nanjing, to show their glorious military successes.

Dauntless Minnie Vautrin

The Chinese women who were been raped and killed miserably by Japanese forces.

明妮 ·魏特琳（Minnie Vautrin 1886-1941）

　　Minnie Vautrin came to China to missionize in 1912, later she became a professor in Jingling Female College. During the period of Nanjing fell, Vautrin tried her best to protect Chinese women left in the city.

The female refugees were playing game in the Jingling Female College.

Witness of Witline

Dec.15,1937

It must be Wednesday today. During these weeks all has become so irregular that it’s hard to tell the date. From 8:30a.m. to 6:00 p.m., except lunch time, when the refugees rushed in, I was always standing at the gate. Many women outpoured their horror on their faces. Last night, Nanjing was a horrible night. Japanese soldiers took many young women away from their homes. We permitted women and children to enter freely. But we had to ask the elderly women to stay at home as much as possible, so that there could be more room for young women. Many of them begged us to allow them to stay on the grass outside. Two guards formed a patrol team. They have put on the uniforms, and will go the rounds at night.

Minnie Vautrin took picture with the staff who work in the soup-kitchen of Red Cross.

Dec.19,1937　　

In the morning, horrified married women and young girls came to the gate again—last night was another horrifying night. Many of them knelt down and begged us to let them in. I allowed them to come in, but I didn’t know where they could sleep. At 8:00 a.m., Mr. Teso came from American Embassy. Because I had known these refugees didn’t have enough food, I asked him to go to the headquarters of the Security Area. And they promised to send the rice here at 9:00. When I was walking back to the school, many parents and brothers begged me to take their daughters and sisters to Jinling Women College. One mother said: her house had been robbed several times and she could not protect her daughter any more.

China’s Shutella

　　(Left) John H.D Rabe, a member of German Nazi, was a German delegate to China in 1937. During the loss of Nanjing, he was the chairman of Nanjing Security Area International Committee. He saved hundreds of thousands of Chinese,and was called “China’s Shutella”.
(Right) John Gillespie Maggee, a priest, was missionizing from 1912 to 1940. He took many photos about Japanese atrocity and sought justice for the victims.

Witness of John H.D.Rabe and Priest Maggee

(Taken by Priest Maggie, written by John H.D. Rabe)

(Excerpt)

Feb.11,1938

　　Priest John Maggee has shot record films about cruel crimes.Dr.Rosin asked someone to make a copy of it in Shanghai. He wants to send it to Berlin. It is said he wants to ask me for a copy later. I added my explanations to every picture. I have seen many wounded people in the pictures and talked with several of them before their deaths. I also saw their bodies in the dead house in Gulou Hospital.

Pastor John Magee and his movie.

The foreword and explanations for <Nanjing Atrocity Record>

Foreword

　　The following pictures can only make people simply know the atrocities  Japanese made after they occupied Nanjing in Dec.13,1937. If Priest Maggee，member of Nanjing Security Area International Committee and  chairman of the Nanjing  Branch  of  the  International  Red Cross had had more films and more time, more pictures would have been taken. He,like others, was busy protecting the civilians of  the city all day  during that time. So he could only took photos occationally. And he had to be careful. For, if he was found taking photos, his camera must be destroyed or taken away by Japanese. So he could not take photos of executions directly or take photos of piles of bodies in several districts.  Church Hospital (Gulou  Hospital) received many wounded people and other victims of Japanese atrocities. If the photographer could have stayed there for a longer time, the content of the film would be much richer. He still remembers a 70-year-old lady. A bullet hit her on the shoulder and came out from her back. Luckily, the bullet didn’t hit the important parts, so the wound was soon healed. Another thing should be considered. Among tens of thousands of wounded people, only very few of them could be sent to the hospital or could be known by us. In the countryside or small towns, there were also tens of thousands of people killed. However, we could not see these atrocities and know the details about these. Only later were some truthful and trustworthy reports sent to us occationally.

This girl and five other girls were taken away from the refugee area by force to do some washings for Japanese officers. She was taken into a building which seemed like a military hospital. In the daytime, she had to do washing. At night she was raped by Japanese soldiers in turn. According to her report, elderly women or plain women were raped for about 10-20 times during one night while some beautiful women were raped as many as 40 times during one night. This is a plain woman in the picture. On Jan. 2^nd, 1938, two Japanese soldiers forced her to go

with them. She was taken into an empty house. They wanted to cut down her head, but

failed. She was found in blood and was sent  to Church Hospital. There she restored her health. There were four cuts around her neck. The cuts were so deep that the neck

On Dec.13, about 30 Japanese soldiers appeared at the house of No.5, Xin Road and wanted to break in. The house owner was a muslin. He was shot dead the moment he opened the door. After his death, a gentlemen knelt down before the soldiers and begged them not to kill the others. However, he had the same fate. The wife of the houseowner asked the soldiers why they killed her husband, and she was shot too.

That wounded 7 or 8 year-old girl crawled into the next room. There lay her mother’s body. She hid there with her unwounded 4-year-old sister for 14 days. The photographer knew the story from the girl.

Revealing Nanjing Massacre

American famous magazine Life, published on May 16, 1938

　　In the American magazine of <Life> published on May 16, 1938, Nanjing Massacre was revealed for the first time. This was only a very brief report. However, the whole world was applauded. The pictures in the magazine were taken by Priest Maggee to record the cruel crimes. The crimes of the Japanese troops were revealed to the public at last. According to the survey after the war, in Nanjing Massacre, the number of the Chinese people killed was as many as over 300000. And the witness pictures can only reveal a small part of it!

Pictorial Review, published in Americ on October 31^th, 1943, there were special topic narrated of Japanese royal troops’ atrocity.

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